Software Projects : 1984

SOFTWARE PROJECTS

The first games I developed were for a British computer system produced by the ubiquitous (if you're British, anyway) Amstrad plc: the Amstrad CPC-464. The games were "Manic Miner" and "Jet Set Willy", both "ports" from the original Sinclair Spectrum versions.

I had spent the second part of 1983 without gainful employment after discontinuing my Electronics & Electrical Engineering studies at Manchester University after the second year. I was putting the Z80 programming I'd learned at college to use in an attempt to create machine language games on the Spectrum. Actually, I had obtained the Spectrum initially to pursue my interests in electronic music (it was easy to cobble various hardware bits onto the Spectrum expansion port), but the availability of games for the system was too tempting, and inevitably I ended up spending more time playing games, disassembling games, etc. I burned many, many midnight hours poking away at the "dead flesh" keyboard on the Spectrum, loading the OCP assembler and source code from cassette tape, watching it all die horribly in a spectacular sequence of rainbow attributes, black screen, white screen, 

Copyright 1982 Sinclair Research, Ltd, 

rinse, repeat. Actually, the rainbow attributes bit was mostly imaginary since I was using a black and white TV, with only occasional incursions into the living room (armed with Spectrum, power supply, cables, cassette deck, etc) to see how things were looking on the family color TV (much to the chagrin of other family members who were quite rightly expecting to watch TV, rather than my experiments in abstract attribute powered modern art).

I should add that my mother was my very generous benefactor, procuring both the Spectrum computer and the TV when I did not have the financial wherewithal to do so myself. Not that cash was exactly a bountiful resource for the family at the time. I am eternally grateful to my Mum for this, without her help my career may have taken an entirely different direction.

By early 1984 I'd put enough of a "demo" (a sideways scrolling platform game) together to persuade Software Projects in Woolton village, Liverpool to hire me as a programmer. So, in March 1984, at the ripe old age of 20, I moved from my mother's house in Barnsley, South Yorkshire (which I had gratefully used as my base after discontinuing my studies) to sunny Birkenhead on the Wirral (a contentious geographical description, perhaps) where I set up residence in a terraced two-bedroom house on Holt Road belonging to Alan Maton, the Managing Director of Software Projects.

Incidentally, Software Projects was based in portions of what was the Bear Brand Complex, where the Bear Brand Tights were manufactured. The Bear Brand was demolished in 1997, making way for a Tesco Supermarket.

Tesco on Allerton Road is on the site of the old Bear Brand Complex

Once installed in Merseyside, I started to focus on the job at hand. We spent a deal of time looking at the MSX system (which was going to be the "next big thing" - I always thought of it as basically a Z80-based C64), and the Tatung Einstein (failure as a consumer electronics product, later quite popular as a development system). I also recall looking at a Memotech system. Nothing very productive really happened during this initial period, though I did benefit from getting to know Derrick Rowson (who would be my programming partner in crime on the CPC games). Derrick had written a really tiny monitor/disassembler (an exercise in self-modifying code and part of my Spectrum toolkit for years to come) and was quite a brilliant programmer.

The thing is, nobody was really managing us and so we were pretty much left alone to just get on with things: the net result was no net result. I remember for a long while asking for development tools (an assembler, documentation) for the MSX machine (we had a consumer version of the Japanese machine, a Yamaha if I recall correctly,  with Japanese manuals, etc.). In 1984 you couldn't just Google it. I was informed by the owner of SP, Tommy Barton (rest in peace, Tommy), that "his contacts @ Hudsonsoft" (never did get to the bottom of that one) were adamant that no further documentation or tools beyond BASIC on ROM were needed and that my requests for tools were, in fact, a smokescreen designed by me to cover up the fact that I really didn't know what I was doing.

At one point I was summoned to Tommy's wood-paneled office and told that I was on the chopping block because I hadn't produced anything and kept on making excuses about needing tools. I had, he insisted, obviously lied about writing the demo I'd used to get the job in the first place.

Tommy, "The cavemen didn't need paintbrushes."

Indignant programmer (not I, alas), "Yep, but they needed paint."

So, clinging onto my job by the skin of my teeth, it was probably my saving grace that around this time, the Amstrad CPC was announced. Here was a capable machine with a real keyboard, real tools, and real documentation. And it was Z80 based, which meant that SP's cash cows Manic Miner and Jet Set Willy could feasibly and predictably be ported. Paint, at last.

Manic Miner

Manic Miner on the Amstrad CPC-464

This was pretty much a direct port from the Spectrum version. It ran in the 4-color mode, which meant that not all the 320x200 display area was used (Spectrum is 256x192). Each screen in the game was given its own 4 color palette. Interesting trade-off given that the spectrum essentially has 15 colors (bright black being the same as black), albeit that only 2 can be used in a given 8x8 pixel block, and even then both colors are either "bright" or not. We did some tricks with the raster interrupts that allowed us to use a different color palette for the status area at the bottom of the screen, and this reduced the monochromatic look to some extent. It came out pretty well overall and played pretty much identically to the Spectrum original. If I am remembering correctly though, the "port" was carried out without access to the original source code; effectively, we had to reverse-engineer the game (not an unusual situation back then, to be fair). Derrick's disassembler/monitor to the rescue!

Matthew Smith, the (very talented) originator of Manic Miner and JSW made only relatively rare appearances and had little involvement in the CPC versions. To me, he seemed shrouded in mystery, though that's probably because I was somewhat in awe of him. Manic Miner (along with the early Ultimate games) was the main reason I pursued a career in the industry. Manic Miner, Jet Set Willy, Atic Atac, and Lunar Jetman (never did find the trailer though) are all burned indelibly into my memory. Matthew was, I suppose, something of a hero to me.

Jet Set Willy

Jet Set Willy: The Final Frontier on the Amstrad CPC-464

Next, Derrick and I started work on Jet Set Willy. Again, the original source code was not provided. We used the same 4-color 320x200 screen resolution, but this time, we were feeling ambitious and we decided to add a bunch of extra rooms over the original game's 60 or so. We ended up with (I think) 132 screens - the frustrated game designer in me being allowed to surface.

Which is an interesting point. Back then (in the UK at least), there really was no such thing as a "game designer" (although the ill-fated Imagine Software may have attempted to define the role more). I think the industry just about had the notion of "pixel artist", though that in itself was a stretch.

Games of the day were often designed, programmed and graphics created by a single person - Manic Miner & Jet Set Willy being great examples. Pixel artists were few and far between. The art tools of the day were so cryptic that you were at a distinct disadvantage as an artist if you were not also a programmer (mainly because the tools were created by the very same programmers...). A few would-be programmers went on to become pixel pushers. Producers were yet to be invented. How things have changed!

Back to JSW. There is a detailed breakdown, including commentary from Derrick and myself, of the additional rooms we created over at Julian Wiseman's site. We actually added quite a bit to the game beyond simple room additions, too much to detail here, but the article linked above on Julian's site covers those additions pretty well.

Derrick made an editor and we shared the effort to create the new rooms. Several of the new rooms contained sprites that I previously created for the demo that I’d originally sent to SP. I modified Willy, adding the space helmet, for the new Starship Enterprise “space” levels we added. I wrote the music driver and ripped the C64 song data for the Moonlight Sonata menu music, and I composed the in-game music (sorry ...) on my trusty Casio MT30 (which was later stolen from the Holt Road digs during one of several break-ins).

Some of the sprites I created for Jet Set Willy CPC-464

One of the rooms we added to the CPC version of JSW was called the "Cartography Room". This room lit a collidable square for every other room you visited, forming an (almost) complete map of the game as you visited each room, and I think this also allowed you to reach certain unreachable objects in that room -  a cute little feature. What most people do not know is that if you entered the super-secret cheat code, this room became a fully functional room selector cheat, where you can, using a cursor, select the room you want to go to, press the fire button and go straight there. Nice debugging feature, never revealed, so far as I know.

The cheat involved typing the string, "EMMRAIDNAPRRRTT" once in the game, with a couple of terminating characters for good measure. I can't really explain the sequence - Derrick came up with it - I think it's a kid's eeny-meeny nonsense rhyme (at least, that's what Derrick told me) along the lines of, Eeny Meeny Macka Racka, Air I Dominacka, Alla Packa Rumpa Racka, Rum Tum Tush.

By the time we'd finished JSW, our development environment had progressed to the point where we used a (shock) separate development system (we were using Tandy TRS80 model 4 systems). Derrick even had a hard disk drive (5MB). It was nice to have a development environment like this (a sign of things to come), especially when compared to loading tools and source code from cassette tape. To be honest, though, I did just as much development at home on my CPC-464, with the monochrome green monitor and external 3” disk drive.

Still, things had come a long way in a short space of time in terms of development tools.

Both Manic Miner & Jet Set Willy for the Amstrad CPC shipped while I was 21 years old.

While at SP, I had become friends with a couple of other reprobates, Stuart "Stoo" Fotheringham, and Marc "Wonga" Dawson (now Marc Wilding). Actually, Wonga was the name of Marc's budgie (who died in mysterious circumstances - a whole other story), but I think Marc used the name as a programming pseudonym for a while. Stoo was a budding C64 programmer who interviewed at Software Projects on the same day I did. I have vivid memories of the interview, thanks to Stoo, or at least the friend, let's call him Fred, he'd brought along with him for the day (Stoo was only 16 at the time). Alan Maton took me along with Stoo, Fred, and a software distributor with whom Alan was also meeting that day to a local Woolton Village Chinese restaurant (the King Do) for lunch. Fred, who did not seem to be a shy person, was regaling us with a tale from his days working behind the counter of a computer store. The story culminated with a very inappropriate line, delivered with gusto,  just as the demure female restaurant server was placing Fred's meal in front of him. Glances were exchanged and I thought this had blown the interview for Stoo, but needless to say, Stoo got the job. He fairly quickly switched from programmer to pixel pusher (he was a much better artist, and his art benefited from his technical know-how).

Marc was a C64 programmer and came to SP from Imagine Software after their collapse. Marc had just finished BC Bill on C64 and was working on Imagine's so-called Mega Games up until their collapse.

Print ad from 1984 taken outside Liverpool ABC Cinema. Stoo and I both appear.

After a while, Stoo and Marc both left to join a new Liverpool-based company, Odin Computer Graphics. Actually, Odin was run by the same people behind Thor Software who had produced the Jack and the Beanstalk games. Odin was a stab at the higher quality (price-point) end of the market.

After finishing the CPC version of Jet Set Willy, I left Software Projects to go and work at Odin with Marc and Stoo. Derrick Rowson stayed @ SP and went on to port our CPC version of JSW back to the Spectrum where it was released as Jet Set Willy 2!

Read the first part of my Odin Computer Graphics recollections here.

See my Q&A with Retrogamer Magazine on Manic Miner for the Amstrad CPC.

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